National Development
Council. It consists of the Planning Commission and the Chief Ministers of the
states. National Development Council was essentially a forum for
intimate cooperation between the State Governments and the Central
Government for all the tasks
of national development. It has been set up with three objects:-
1. to strengthen and mobilise the effort and resources of the nation in
support of the
Plan;
2. to promote common economic policies in all vital spheres, and
3. to ensure the balanced and rapid development of all parts of the
country;
Its functions would be
1. to review the working of the National Plan from time to time;
2. to consider important questions of social and economic policy
affecting national
development; and
3. to recommend measures for the achievement of the aims and targets set
out in the
National Plan.
The National
Development Council (NDC) or the Rashtriya Vikas Parishad is the apex body
for decision making and deliberations on development matters in India, presided over by the Prime Minister. It was set up on August 6, 1952
to strengthen and mobilize the effort and resources of the nation in support of
the Plan, to promote common economic policies in all vital spheres, and to
ensure the balanced and rapid development of all parts of the country. The
Council comprises the Prime Minister, the Union Cabinet Ministers, Chief
Ministers of all States or their substitutes, representatives of the union
territories and the members of the Commissions.
Composition
The
National Development Council is presided over by the Prime Minister of India
and includes all Union
Ministers, Chief
Ministers of all
the States and Administrators of Union Territories and Members of the Planning Commission. Ministers
of State with
independent charge are also invited to the deliberations of the Council.
National Highways Authority of India. The National Highways Authority of India
(NHAI) ) is an autonomous agency of the Government
of India,
responsible for management of a network of over 60,000 km of National Highways in India. The Authority is a nodal agency
of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
The NHAI was created through the promulgation of
the National Highways Authority of India Act, 1988. In February 1995,
the Authority was formally made an autonomous body.
It is responsible for the development, maintenance, management and operation of National Highways, totaling over 71,772 km (44,597 mi) in Project
It is responsible for the development, maintenance, management and operation of National Highways, totaling over 71,772 km (44,597 mi) in Project
NHAI logo
& caption on an over-bridge, Salem, Tamil Nadu
The NHAI
has the mandate to implement the National Highway Development Project (NHDP). The NHDP is under
implementation in Phases.
- Phase I: Approved in December 2000, at an estimated cost of INR 300 Billion, it included the Golden Quadrilateral (GQ), portions of the NS-EW Corridors, and connectivity of major ports to National Highways.
- Phase II: Approved in December 2003, at an estimated cost of INR 343 Billion, it included the completion of the NS-EW corridors and another 486 km (302 mi) of highways.
- Phase IIIA: This phase was approved in March 2005, at an estimated cost of INR 222 Billion, it includes an upgrade to 4-lanes of 4,035 km (2,507 mi)of National Highways.
- Phase IIIB: This was approved in April 2006, at an estimated cost of INR 543 Billion, it includes an upgrade to 4-lanes of 8,074 km (5,017 mi) of National Highways.
- Phase V: Approved in October 2006, it includes upgrades to 6-lanes for 6,500 km (4,000 mi), of which 5,700 km (3,500 mi) is on the GQ. This phase is entirely on a DBFO basis.
- Phase VI: This phase, approved in November 2006, will develop 1,000 km (620 mi) of expressways at an estimated cost of INR 167 Billion.
- Phase VII: This phase, approved in December 2007, will develop ring-roads, bypasses and flyovers to avoid traffic bottlenecks on selected stretches at a cost of INR 167 Billion.
The
progress of the NHDP can be tracked from the NHAI official website, which
updates maps on regular basis.
NHAI helps in implementing Special Accelerated Road Development Programme for North Eastern Region (SARDP-NE); a project to upgrade National Highways connecting state capitals to 2 lane or 4 lane in north eastern region. Nhai is best authority in india .
Controversies
A 2012
report prepared by World Bank’s Institutional Integrity Unit alleged that
fraudulent and corrupt practices were being followed by Indian contractors
working on national highway projects funded by it, and sought a thorough
investigation into the matter. The report also alleges that
contractors paid bribes and gifts, including gold coins, to “influence the
actions” of officials and consultants of the National Highways Authority of
India.
National Human Rights Commission.
The National
Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India is an autonomous statutory body established on 12
October 1993, under the provisions of The Protection of Human Rights Act,
1993 (TPHRA).
Since
late 2011, the organization has been embroiled in a controversy where leading
jurists have sought the resignation of its Chairman, ex-Chief Justice K.G. Balakrishnan, pending investigation into
charges of assets disproportionate to his income. In response, NHRC has
uploaded details of Justice Balakrishnan's assets
Functions
TPHRA
mandates the NHRC to perform the following functions:
- proactively or reactively inquire into violations of human rights or negligence in the prevention of such violation by a public servant
- visit any jail or other institution under the control of the State Government, where persons are detained or lodged for purposes of treatment, reformation or protection, for the study of the living conditions of the inmates and make recommendations
- review the safeguards provided by or under the Constitution or any law for the time being in force for the protection of human rights and recommend measures for their effective implementation
- review the factors, including acts of terrorism that inhibit the enjoyment of human rights and recommend appropriate remedial measures
- study treaties and other international instruments on human rights and make recommendations for their effective implementation
- undertake and promote research in the field of human rights
- spread literacy among various sections of society and promote awareness of the safeguards available for the protection of these rights through publications, the media, seminars and other available means
- encourage the efforts of NGOs and institutions working in the field of human rights
- such other function as it may consider it necessary for the protection of human rights.
- take suo motu action, if required in a case if the victim is not in a position to access a c
Composition
and appointment
Sections
3 and 4 of TPHRA lay down the rules for appointment to the NHRC. The
Chairperson and members of the NHRC are appointed by the President of India, on
the recommendation of a committee consisting of:
- The Prime Minister (chairperson)
- The Speaker of the House of the People
- The Minister-in-charge of the Ministry of Home Affairs in the Government of India
- The Leader of the Opposition in the House of the People
- The Leader of the Opposition in the Council of States
- The Deputy Chairman of the Council of States
The NHRC
consists of:
- A Chairperson who has been a Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India
- One Member who is, or has been, a Judge of the Supreme Court of India
- One Member who is, or has been, the Chief Justice of a High Court
- Two Members to be appointed from among persons having knowledge of, or practical experience in, matters relating to human rights
In
addition to this, the Chairpersons of the National Commission for Minorities, the National Commission for the
Scheduled Castes, National Commission for the Scheduled Tribes, and the National Commission for Women, serve as ex officio members.
- Govind Prasad Mathur
- B. C. Patel
- P. C. Sharma
- Satyabrata Pal
- Wajahat Habibullah, Chairperson, National Commission for Minorities
- Mamta Sharma, Acting Chairperson, National Commission for Women.
The NHRC has been accredited with "A
status" by the International Coordinating
Committee of National Human Rights Institutions (the ICC), indicating that it is
in conformity with the Paris Principles - a broad set of principles
agreed upon by a conference of experts on the promotion and protection of human rights, in Paris in October 1991, and subsequently endorsed by the
UN General Assembly. The Commission is thus entitled to participate in
the ICC and in its regional sub-group, the Asia
Pacific Forum.
A report
concerning the manner of which the Shivani murder controversy case was rejected, a case which
involved high ranking officials being implicated in the murder of a journalist,
opened the organisation up to questioning over the usefulness of human rights
commissions setup by the government at the national and state levels.
In
mid-2011, the chairman of the NHRC, ex-Chief Justice K.G. Balakrishnan came under a cloud for allegedly
owning assets disproportionate to his income.
His son-in-law P. V.
Srinijan, an Indian National Congress politician, had to resign for suddenly coming into
possession of land worth Rs. 25 lakhs..
Many prominent jurists, including former CJ J. S. Verma, SC ex-Judge V. R.
Krishna Iyer, noted
jurist Fali S.
Nariman, former
NHRC member Sudarshan
Agrawal and
prominent activist lawyer Prashant Bhushan, have called on Balakrishnan's
resignation pending from the NHRC pending inquiry.. As of February 2012, Justice
Balakrishnan had not resigned, and the Supreme Court inquired of the government re:
the status of the inquiry.
National Institute of Public Finance and Policy.
.
The New York Mercantile Exchange, is the world's largest physical
commodity futures exchange and the preeminent trading forum for energy and
precious metals.
.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
The OECD brings together the governments of countries committed to
democracy and the market economy from around the world to:
• Support sustainable economic growth
• Boost employment
• Raise living standards
• Maintain financial stability
• Assist other countries' economic development
• Contribute to growth in world trade
The
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is celebrating
its 50th anniversary, but its roots go back to the rubble of Europe after World
War II.
The
Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) was established in 1947
to run the US-financed Marshall Plan for reconstruction of a continent ravaged
by war. By making individual governments recognise the interdependence of their
economies, it paved the way for a new era of cooperation that was to change the
face of Europe. Encouraged by its success and the prospect of carrying its work
forward on a global stage, Canada and the US joined OEEC members in signing the
new OECD Convention on 14 December 1960. The Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD) was officially born on 30 September 1961,
when the Convention entered into force.
Other
countries joined in, starting with Japan in 1964. Today, 34 OECD member
countries worldwide regularly turn to one another to identify problems, discuss
and analyse them, and promote policies to solve them. The track record is
striking. The US has seen its national wealth almost triple in the five decades
since the OECD was created, calculated in terms of gross domestic product per
head of population. Other OECD countries have seen similar, and in some cases
even more spectacular, progress.
So, too, have countries that a few decades ago were still only minor players on the world stage. China, India and Brazil have emerged as new economic giants. Most of the countries that formed part of the former Soviet bloc have either joined the OECD or adopted its standards and principles to achieve our common goals. Russia is negotiating to become a member of the OECD, and we now have close relations with Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa through our “enhanced engagement” programme. Together with them, the OECD brings around its table 40 countries that account for 80% of world trade and investment, giving it a pivotal role in addressing the challenges facing the world economy.
established
in 1961
Headquarters Paris, France
Membership 34 countries
Budget EUR 342 million
Secretary-General Angel GurrÃa
Secretariat staff 2 500
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. It is a grouping of
12 countries which depend highly on their oil export revenues. They operate as
a cartel at an international level.
| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries | ||
Headquarters
|
||
Type
|
Trade
bloc
|
|
Member
states
|
12 in
2011[show]
|
|
Leaders
|
||
-
|
||
-
|
||
Establishment
|
||
-
|
Statute
|
September
10–14, 1960
in effect January 1961 |
Area
|
||
-
|
Total
|
11,854,977 km2
4,577,232 sq mi |
Population
|
||
-
|
estimate
|
372,368,429
|
-
|
Density
|
31.16/km2
80.7/sq mi |
Currency
|
Indexed
as USD-per-barrel
|
|
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries) is an intergovernmental organization of 12
oil-producing countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United
Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. OPEC has maintained its
headquarters in Vienna since 1965, and
hosts regular meetings among the oil ministers of its Member Countries. Indonesia withdrew in 2008 after it became
a net importer of oil, but stated it would likely return if it became a net
exporter again
OPEC has
twelve member countries: six in the Middle East, four in Africa, and two in
South America.
Membership
Current members
1.Algeria
( Africa) 1969
2.Angola
Africa 2007
3.Ecuador
South America 2007
7.Libya Africa 1962
11.United Arab Emirates Middle
East 1967
PetroChemicals and Petroleum Investment Region
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